My Lovely Cat

Nama : Sheena Anghelina Adam

NPM : 18210226

Since time immemorial human being and animals like cat, fish, bird, and any animals gave lived together.

I used to have a very special pet, it is my lovely animal. She was a very cute cat. My friend gave it to me for my birthday. I named her Moch because she was as cute as the bear and also me..hehehe.. Moch was very beautiful, naughty cat, and bit aggressive too. She had white fluffy fur and purple eyes and she had a little gray spot on her head and a black spot on her tail, and she also had small legs with very cute paws. When my friend gave her to me, she was four months old. My friend brought her back from one of his holiday trips to Australia.

Moch was a very smart cat. Why I said that?? This is because she used to known my timing for every single day. She would wake me up in the morning, a couple of minutes before my alarm clock would sound off, by hug me. She even knew what time I came home, I noticed this when I used to hear clawing at the door of my house. Then, when I opened the door, she would jump on me and want me hug her as if she was trying to tell me that she missed me so much.

The best thing that I used to like about her is that she was a trained cat. One time I took her to the shopping mall and I carried her in my bag to every store I went into. In one of the stores, she jumped out of my bag and started running around the store. We finally cornered her in one of the dressing rooms, and she jumped in my bag as if nothing happened. I would take her everywhere I went. Sometime, she hid under the chair and once the door opened, she runs swiftly out of the room and I will runs too to catch her back. She really like running in the house and I feel it is better than doing the evil things. I feel so happy when I run with her.

Till this day, Moch and I would always have great times together. Then, after she got tired, she would just run to me, sit on my lap and begin biting my hands as if she wanted me to pet her, so she can go to sleep. Anyway, I was a lucky person who have a very cute cat and always with me and also make me happy and smile every hour, every minutes, and every second. I really love Moch and she is my lovely cat…

Life of Shopaholic

Life of Shopaholic

Name: Sheena Anghelina Adam

NPM: 18210226 / 4Ea16

Shopping is a natural thing, especially for women, not only do I even almost all women love. From my experience and observations of women tend to not be able to resist his desire to have his personal needs such as clothes, bags or shoes. In addition to a need, shopping for clothes, shoes, bags or accessories is an obligation in order to support the appearance.

Most women will always feel they have no clothes when they save more than 2 closet though. They will feel embarrassed if it does not change the shoes and bags every day. And they lack confidence when not wearing accessories on his body.

If you go to the mall, rare women who are not tempted by the shops in the vicinity. Especially now that there are many online stores that can facilitate their shopping just by looking from their mobile phones - each.

I own up to this time are not satisfied with the goods that I have. And I consider it reasonable because almost all women like me, although not all women like us most. Though I have more clothes than a wardrobe, more than 10 bags, have more than 20 pairs of shoes and various accessories

love Story

Nama : Sheena Anghelina Adam
NPM : 18210226
Our love story started long before Matthew and I ever actually met.

And when you think about it, most love stories start that way. Every moment leading up to the one in which you meet your future husband or wife somehow shapes you and prepares you for that person you were fated for. Any previous heartbreaks or dark days or lonely nights can be crucially important in the grand scheme of things—sometimes we need to know what something feels like when it’s wrong before we can ever really know it when another thing is RIGHT.


So that’s why I need to start the story with a little bit of background. The whole “girl meets boy, boy and girl fall in love, boy and girl get married” model is a little too simplistic for my needs. You people want details, don't you? Of course you do.


When I was 18 years old and working as a waitress at a little family restaurant, I met a guy who was 10 years older than me. He was the one who came before Matthew. We dated for three and half years, and even lived together during the last year and half of that relationship. We moved into a tiny little house and owned Gracie and Cooper together and our relationship was never a terrible one. He was a good guy, I was a good girl, and we really did love each other.


But for every moment of those three and a half years, I had a nagging, itching, aching feeling that he would never be the right one for me. Despite his great heart, he lacked ambition and drive and handled his finances very poorly and, at the heart of it all, was very insecure despite being a bright and attractive guy. I understood him, though. I understood that his family had never prepared him for LIFE, and the poor decisions he had made as a younger man had him caught in a sticky web and a hole he just couldn’t seem to dig himself out of.


As the years went by, he could give me less and less of what I needed. Things became strained between us. I was a terrible nag, and I see that now. But the problem was that there were just too many things about him that I wanted to change. And as I began to realize that I could never change him and shouldn’t have to, I struggled SO much with what the right thing to do was. It ate away at me day and night, because I honestly couldn’t imagine my life without him. And being alone TERRIFIED me.


Somewhere during all this, I read the book The Secret which is all about the law of attraction. I really, really believed in what it said. It inspired me. I realized that I had not arranged my life in a way that allowed for all the things I so desired. I hate to skim over this because it’s so important, but let’s just say that I KNEW I had to decide what I wanted my future to look like and start taking active steps towards attracting that future. And staying in my current relationship at the time was a major roadblock. I knew in my heart that if I stayed where I was, life would always be a struggle.


So one day the breakup finally happened. We talked and cried for hours and finally decided that we could never truly work. He decided to move out and let me stay in the house and keep the dogs because, on his income alone, he couldn’t afford to live there (I made enough waiting tables to cover the bills if pennies were tightly pinched).


I can honestly say that the 48 hours after that break up were the toughest of all my life. I ugly-cried those kind of tears that come from somewhere inside you didn’t even know existed—a place of fear and sudden awareness that you are completely alone.


And that’s the place I was in when I met Matthew. We met a mere 48 hours after the ex and I called it quits, which could either be considered really terrible timing or really great timing. I choose to believe the timing was perfect.


But let’s back up again for just a minute.


Remember how I was working at that little restaurant? Well, for a couple of years I’d been waiting on my future in-laws without even knowing it. We’ll just call them Mr. and Mrs. D for our purposes here today.


They were an odd couple. Mrs. D was a beautiful blonde and friendly as can be, and Mr. D was quiet, reserved, and hard to read. I really enjoyed waiting on them, though, and I found it amusing when Mrs. D would occasionally mention their son in California and how perfect he and I would be for each other. She mentioned this to me on at least two or three occasions, but I always laughed and just politely reminded her that I had a boyfriend. I came to find out later that, in actuality, Mrs. D talked a whole lot more about Matthew and I one day meeting than I ever knew at the time; Mr. D now says he had to hear about it every single time they came to the restaurant, and Matthew, when he was in town, would always go to eat there and would hear about me then, too. But for some reason, I was never working when Matthew happened to stop in with his parents, and our paths never crossed.


But then one day, on January 19, 2009, our paths DID cross. And to make it all the more strange, I wasn’t even working that day—the encounter was, TRULY, by chance.


Little did I know when I woke up that morning, Martin Luther King Day and a university holiday, that my life was about to be turned upside down.

About Friendship

Name: Sheena Anghelina Adam

NPM: 18210226 / 4Ea16

When I first became a student at the university Gunadarma, I met with many friends. And finally I feel comfortable with all 4 of my friends in semesters 1. Equation that makes us close. They are a bunch of kids home that when the class ends, immediately came home.

Next semester, we started to become a college student who likes to go to the mall, to the cafe just to chat with. We have the same hobbies are shopping, going to the movies and eat together.

When we split the class 3 semesters and make us rarely met due to different hours of lectures. However, we never forget about the "custom birthday".

custom birthday is an obligation for all four of us get together, when one of our birthday. Usually we meet and come together to celebrate. Provide cake, gifts and a birthday treat for eating. Usually we do it in the mall or cafe.

Until this moment, in the 8th semester we still do it. In fact we will probably do until we all have families.

In addition to "custom birthday" we too often get together when the final exam because our schedule is usually in unison. And we never forget to break the fast together when the month of Ramadan.

Effect of Online Games

Name: Sheena Anghelina Adam

NPM: 18210226 / 4Ea16

Talking about online games, you've certainly no stranger to online games because this time in everyone's favorite by either adults or children, especially when it is very easy to access the online game either by modem or even in the nearest cafe, even supported by adequate internet speed so that online games are increasingly popular.

Online games are games that are virtual world. Gamers, in addition to enjoying the game the game, he is also able to interact with other players. The impact of each activity must be a positive influence and negative influence, as well as the Online Game. However, online gaming is a lot of bad effects compared to its positive impact.

Online game makes one a forgotten time and was hooked. they are already trying to play online games definitely feel like playing anymore. Someone who is addicted will definitely try to continue to play an online game with a long time so it will forget time and shirking responsibility.

Besides making a person lose track of time and was hooked, online gaming is also a waste of activity or throwing money at useless. Many gamers are willing to spend money just to play games for hours in the cafe.

In psychic, online games can make a person so constantly thinking about the game being played. and it becomes difficult to concentrate on study, work, absenteeism or avoid subjects. Moreover, it can make a person ignorant, indifferent, less concerned about the things that happen around us. In fact, sometimes a person who is addicted to online games would do anything to be playing games, such as lying, stealing money, etc..

Online games will also impact the physical because of light exposure to computer radiation can damage the optic nerve and the brain, heart health declined due to staying up 24 hours playing online games. Kidneys and stomach are also affected by a lot of sitting, not drinking, forgetting to eat for fun playing. And fatigue when doing physical activity, physical health declined due to lack of exercise. The most severe can result in death.

Bali Beach

Bali Beach

Name: Sheena Anghelina Adam

NPM: 18210226 / 4Ea16

When I was in Bali, I found a lot of beaches are very beautiful and must visit everyone topical. In fact there are many tourists who flock there. According to the information I get, there are 7 beautiful beaches are often visited by tourists as well as the other end.

The first beach is the beach of Sanur. This beach is famous for sunrisenya so beautiful.

The second beach is a beach CandiDasa. The beach is located to the east of the island of Bali. Here we can do activities such as sun bathing, canoing, snorkeling, fishing, trekking through the hills. The beaches are the island - which could be a small island of the visit and the panoramic beauty of the sea bottom is coral reefs and ornamental fish.

Third Beach is located on the beach of Lovina North Bali on the north coast of Bali. Inii famous beach is famous as a place to watch the performances of wild dolphins.

The fourth is the beach Dreamland Beach is located in the southern part of the island of Bali. there is a whitish brown sand clean with a steep gully. Enjoy the beauty of the sunset on the narrow coastal area directly beneath the steep rock walls.

The fifth beach is the beach located in the port of Padang Bai crossing Bali - Lombok namely Padang Bai, the beach fairly maintained cleanliness and beauty. For anglers and divers really like this beach. Padang Bai is a sea port area to the East Bali area used as a harbor crossing to Lombok. Additionally, the port is also home to the berthing of the tourists who visited Bali by sea are transported by large cruise ships that docked in Labuan Amok only. The most interesting thing in the Padang Bai is a place that is sheltered in a bay with coral stones that life under the water to be safe. In the eastern part of the area of ​​the port of Padang Bai there is a beach which is now becoming quite beach tourist area visited by tourists, especially foreign tourists. Among tourists, the beach area known as the Blue Lagoon Beach.

The sixth is the Legian Beach and Seminyak beaches. This beach is located on the north beach of Kuta. Bungy Jumping rides can be enjoyed here.

The seventh is Ahmed Beach and Tulamben beach. Both of these adjacent beach, almost like a second character of this beach. Amed beach but still very virgin and not many domestic tourists who come here. Tulamben beach is very favored by the Diver who want to dive here. Because here there is a sunken U.S. warships and not too deep. So this beach is one of the exotic beaches in Bali

About My Life

Name: Sheena Anghelina Adam

NPM: 18210226 / 4Ea16

Mate? We never know who our soul mate? When is the meeting? All the gods are already set. Mate can come from people you know or even someone you do not know before.

24^th September 2011, I celebrated birthday one of my best friends. My three friends and I went to watch a movie together at the cinema. When I came out of the cinema I met with a new friend in my new class. He along with his friend who I did not know. We just spoken there.

After watching the movie, me and my friend decided to drink coffee in a cafe in the same mall. There I met with my friend and his friend who had it. Finally, we join a table, chatting and drinking coffee together. After that we split up. Only to the extent that meeting.

Last December I had a breakup, I felt sad at that time. When I told my classmates and he intends to introduce me closer to her friend who never met me in the cinema 2 months ago.

When the end of the year I'm on vacation with my family in Bandung. For the first time "he" contacted me via BBM. There, we met each other, joking and was very familiar with each other. Upon my return from Bandung, I started my activities transform college. And on the first day he picked me up at the campus. After that we often see.

2 weeks later, on 7 January 2012 he expressed his feelings to me, then I do need encouragement figure decided to try to have more than just an ordinary friend.

2 years 4 months had passed, many of the things that our universe began to pleasure, sadness, quarrels, distress to undertake any activity together. Constructing it all up until now we were both convinced each other. Mate or not we do not know, the most important thing for us is to do our best.

My Hobby

Nama : Sheena Anghelina Adam
NPM : 18210226

My hobby is reading. I read story books, magazines, newspapers and any kind of material that I find interesting.
This hobby got started when I was a little boy. I had always wanted my parents to read fairy tales and other stories to me. Soon they got fed up and tired of having to read to me continually. So as soon as I could, I learned to read. I started with simple ABC books. Soon I could read simple fairy tales and other stories. Now I read just about anything that is available.
Reading enables me to learn about so many things that I would otherwise not know. I learned about how people lived in bygone days of magic and mystery. I learned about the wonders of the world, space travel, human achievements, gigantic whales, tiny viruses and other fascinating things of our world.
The wonderful thing about reading is that I do not have to learn things the hard way. For example, I do not have to catch a disease to know that it can kill me. I know the danger so I can avoid it. Also I do not have to go deep into the jungle to learn about the tiger. I can read all about it in a book.
Books provide the reader with so much information and facts. They have certainly helped me in my daily life. I am better equipped to cope with living. Otherwise I would go about ignorantly learning things the hard way.
So I continue to read. Besides being more informed about the world, I also spend my time profitably. It is indeed a good hobby.

STORY OF BANDUNG CITY

Nama : Sheena Anghelina Adam

NPM : 18210226

The city history dates from 1488 when the first reference to Bandung exists. But from ancient archeological finds, we know the city was home to Australopithecus, Java Man. These people lived on the banks of the Cikapundung in north Bandung, and on the shores of the Great Lake of Bandung. Flint artifacts can still be found in the Upper Dago area and the Geological Museum has displays and fragments of skeletal remains and artifacts.

The Sundanese were a pastoral people farming the fertile regions of Bandung. They developed a lively oral tradition which includes the still practiced Wayang Golek puppet theatre, and many musical forms. "There is a city called Bandung, comprising 25 to 30 houses," wrote Juliaen de Silva in 1614.

The achievements of European adventurers to try their luck in the fertile and prosperous Bandung area, led eventually to 1786 when a road was built connecting Jakarta, Bogor, Cianjur and Bandung. This flow was increased when in 1809 Louis Napoleon, the ruler of the Netherlands, ordered Governor General H.W. Daendels, to increase defences in Java against English. The vision was a chain of military defense units and a supply road between Batavia and Cirebon. But this coastal area was marsh and swamp, and it was easier to construct the road further south, across the Priangan highlands.

The Grote Postweg (Great Post Road) was built 11 miles north of the then capital of Bandung. With his usual terseness, Daendels ordered the capital to be relocated to the road. Bupati Wiranatakusumah II chose a site south of the road on the western bank of the Cikapundung, near a pair of holy wells, Sumur Bandung, supposedly protected by the ancient goddess Nyi Kentring Manik. On this site he built his dalem (palace) and the alun-alun (city square). Following traditional orientations, Mesjid Agung (The Grand Mosque) was placed on the western side, and the public market on the east. His residence and Pendopo (meeting place) was on the south facing the mystical mountain of Tangkuban Perahu. Thus was The Flower City born.

Around the middle of the l9th Century, South American cinchona (quinine), Assam tea, and coffee was introduced to the highlands. By the end of the century Priangan was registered as the most prosperous plantation area of the province. In 1880 the rail line connecting Jakarta and Bandung was completed, and promised a 2 1/2 hour trip from the blistering capital in Jakarta to Bandung.

With this life changed in Bandung, hotels, cafes, shops sprouted up to serve the planters who either came down from their highland plantations or up from the capital to frolic in Bandung. The Concordia Society was formed and with its large ballroom was the social magnet for weekend activities in the city. The Preanger Hotel and the Savoy Homann were the hotels of choice. The Braga became the promenade, lined with exclusive Europeans shops.

With the railroad, light industry flourished. Once raw plantation crops were sent directly to Jakarta for shipment to Europe, now primary processing could be done efficiently in Bandung. The Chinese who had never lived in Bandung in any number came to help run the facilities and vendor machines and services to the new industries. Chinatown dates from this period.

In the first years of the present century, Pax Neerlandica was proclaimed, resulting in the passing of military government to a civilian one. With this came the policy of decentralization to lighten the administrative burden of the central government. And so Bandung became a municipality in 1906.

This turn of events left a great impact on the city. City Hall was built at the north end of Braga to accommodate the new government, separate from the original native system. This was soon followed by a larger scale development when the military headquarters was moved from Batavia to Bandung around 1920. The chosen site was east of City Hall, and consisted of a residence for the Commander in Chief, offices, barracks and military housing.

By the early 20's the need for skilled professionals drove the establishment of the technical high school that was sponsored by the citizens of Bandung. At the same time the plan to move the capital of the Netherlands Indies from Batavia to Bandung was already mature, the city was to be extended to the north. The capital district was placed in the northeast, an area that had formerly been rice fields, and a grand avenue was planned to run for about 2.5 kilometers facing the fabled Tangkuban Perahu volcano with Gedung Sate at the south end, and a colossal monument at the other. on both sides of this grand boulevard buildings would house the various offices of the massive colonial government.

Along the east bank of the Cikapundung River amidst natural scenery was the campus of the Technische Hoogeschool, dormitories and staff housing. The old campus buildings and its original landscaping reflect the genius of its architect Henri Maclain Pont. The southwestern section was reserved for the municipal hospital and the Pasteur Institute, in the neighborhood of the old quinine factory. These developments were carefully planned down to the architectural and maintenance details. These years shortly before World War II were the golden ones in Bandung and those alluded to today as Bandung Tempoe Doeloe.

The war years did little to change the city of Bandung, but in 1946, facing the return of the Colonial Dutch to Indonesia, citizens chose to burn down their beloved Bandung in what has become known as Bandung Lautan Api, Bandung Ocean of Fire. Citizens fled to the southern hills and overlooking the "ocean of flames" penned "Halo Halo Bandung," the anthem promising their return. Political unrest colored the early years of Independence and consequently people flocked to Bandung where safety was. The population skyrocketed from 230,000 in 1940 to 1 million by 1961. Economic prosperity following the oil boom in the 70's pushed this further so that by 1990 there were 2 million inhabitants.

Present day Bandung is thriving. As home to more than 35 schools of higher education, there is a vibrant collegiate atmosphere. The excellent fine arts offerings have produced an artist colony of great repute and excitement. The textile industry is the largest in the country and contributes to a vigorous business climate.

In 1987 the city extended its administrative boundaries toward a Greater Bandung Plan (Bandung Raya) Plans for the city include higher concentrations of development outside the current city centre, in an attempt to dilute some of the population density in the old core. These days Bandung Raya is still years ahead, yet the land has suffered deeply. Commercial activities run amok, God only knows who can take control. The city core is practically uprooted, old faces are torn down, lot sizes regrouped, and what was idyllic residence is now bustling chain supermarkets and rich banks.

 

About My Campus

Name: Sheena Anghelina Adam

NPM: 18210226/ 4Ea16

I am a university student Gunadarma. I am now in the last semester after almost 4 years of studying here. I admit the quality of the university is very good and ensure students get a very decent job.

I struggle during the college here is when I have to take care of things in Depok Campus, which is central to the Depok campus of the University Guadarma. While I attended the University Gunadarma Kalimalang.

Nevertheless, I remain proud and this is my form of struggle that soon I will quote the results. Toward graduation and life beyond the university Gunadarma.

Job Application Letter

Job Application Letter

Nama: Sheena Anghelina Adam

NPM  : 18210226 / 4ea16

Job Application Letter 1

Jl. Nusa Indah

Jatiasih – Bekasi 16969

Phone : 021 – 821945678

June 15th, 2014

Attention To:

Mr. Haryono Sujatmiko

PT. Bumi Sentosa Damai

Jl. Garuda No. 33

Bogor

Dear Mr. Sujatmiko,

I am a graduate student in Computer Science at Gunadarma University, and I will be awarded an M.S. degree in July 2014. I am currently looking for a position related to Database/Graphics Package Design in the research and development department of a major company.

Before coming to Gunadarma University, I designed, supervised, and completed a CAD system. The function covers vector, character and curve generation, windowing, shading, and transformations.

At Gunadarma University, my research work involves Compilation of Relational Queries into Network DML. To enhance my background, I have taken some courses in computer graphics and database, and I have experience in and an understanding of the design of databases. With this b background, I certainly believe that I am competent to meet challenging tasks and can make a good contribution to your company.

Enclosed is my resume, which indicates in some detail my training and experience. I sincerely hope that my qualifications are of interest to you and that an interview might be arranged at your convenience.

Thank you for your consideration. I look forward to hearing from you soon.

Sincerely yours,

Sarah Anghelica

Job Application Letter 2

Bekasi, June 15th, 2014

Attention To:

HRD Manager

PT. Pranata Informatindo

Jl. Raya Sudirman No. 17

Bekasi

Dear Sir/Madam,

I have read from your advertisement at Republika that your company is looking for employees to hold some position. Based on the advertisement, I am interested in applying application for Engineer position according with my background educational as Engineering Physics.

My name is Satrio Herlambang, I am twenty two years old. I have graduated from Engineering Physics Department ISTN on March 2014. My specialization in Engineering Physics is Instrumentation and Control specialist. I consider myself that I have qualifications as you want. I have good motivation for progress and growing, eager to learn, and can work with a team (team work) or by myself. Beside that I posses adequate computer skill and have good command in English (oral and written).

With my qualifications, I confident that I will be able to contribute effectively to your company. Herewith I enclose my :

1. Copy of Bachelor Degree (S-1) Certificate and Academic Transcript.

2. Curriculum Vitae.

3. Copy of Job Training Certificate from Unocal Indonesia Company.

4. Recent photograph with size of 4×6

I would express my gratitude for your attention and I hope I could follow your recruitment test luckily.

Sincerely,

Satrio Herlambang

Job Application Letter 3

12 Jerome Drive

Putnam Lake

Patterson, NY 12563

(716) 681-2222

June 15, 2014

Box 4610

Putnam Lake

15 Jump Street

Patterson, N.Y. 12566

To Whom It May Concern:

I enclosed my resume in response to your Last Ever sales advertisement in the Rochester Herald on Sunday, March 18.

My sales/marketing background includes an eigth-year association with Clark’s Sport Inc., where I was in charge of developing the New England territory. This involved recruiting, training, and working with sales force. It was also my responsibility to develop and implement sales/marketing plans and strategies in support of the field sales effort.

I am presently employed as Sales Manager of Jackson and Jackson, Inc., a men’s wear manufacturer. I am very eager to return to the sporting goods industry.

In my present position, I call on, sell, and service mass merchandisers, retail chains, department stores, and military exchanges. I achieved success in these and other related activities, and enjoy the fine rapport and reputation developed through my ability to communicate and work with people on all levels.

I am a result-oriented manager who enjoys traveling and working with people, motivating them, and developing their skill to maximum potential. It would be difficult to indicate every area of expertise in my resume; therefore, I would appreciate meeting you to discuss my qualifications for this position greater detail.

I may be reached at the above phone number to set up an appointment for an interview.

Sincerely,

Steve Gerrard

Complete the Sentence And Make Sentence

Complete the sentence and make sentence

Nama : Sheena Anghelina Adam
NPM : 18210226 (4ea16)

Waste – Award – Leisure – Trekking – Ordinary – Remember – Save – Jogging

Complete the sentence

1. If you spend lots of hour in front of TV, that mean you just waste your precious time.
2. When an actor receive an award is fame becomes double.
3. Leisure activities have the same meaning as the free time activities.
4. Maybe an ordinary person in the street doesn't know this but you as an educated person must certainly know this.
5. Trekking is along difficult journey.

Make Sentence

1. Playing online games is a huge waste of time, money and energy.
2. Taylor Swift is a talented younger singer, who won many award at Music Award.
3. The best use of your leisure with positive activities.
4. Trekking in Month Bromo is very difficult and winding.
5. Better to be an ordinary person, rather than pretending to be someone else.
6. An old man is hard to remember anything he did.
7. Please save my number, if you need anything you can call me.
8. Every Sunday morning is usually a lot of people jogging in the park.

TUGAS SOFTSKILL KELOMPOK BAHASA INGGRIS

Tugas kelompok sofstskill bahasa inggris bisnis 2

Nama : Andreas Kevin                   (10210738)

            Gita anggeliya                    (19210806)

            Shenna Angelina adam       (18210226)

1.     TOEFL

PENGERTIAN TOEFL

TOEFL adalah singkatan dari Test Of English as a Foreign Language (Test Bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa asing), yang diorganisir oleh sebuah lembaga di Amerika Serikat yang bernama ETS ( Educational Testing Service ). TOEFL ini penting untuk teman-teman yang ingin belajar atau menuntut ilmu untuk bersekolah di luar negeri. TOEFL ini merupakan indikator untuk memastikan teman-teman yang berasal bukan dari negara yang menggunakan bahasa Inggris, agar dapat mengikuti perkuliahan dengan baik di negara yang menggunakan bahasa Inggris. TOEFL ini digunakan untuk memastikan :

Memastikan bahwa mahasiswa tersebut memahami uraian yang diberikan dosen dalam bahasa Inggris (listening skill).

Mahasiswa memahami buku-buku textbook yang diwajibkan (reading skill).

Mahasiswa mampu membuat tulisan ilmiah dengan tatabahasa yang benar (writing & grammar skill).

Untuk dapat diterima di negara-negara Barat, calon mahasiswa harus memiliki standar nilai TOEFL yang sudah ditetapkan oleh masing-masing universitas di negara-negara Barat tersebut. Misalnya TOEFL score minimal untuk negara-negara di Eropa adalah 500 (minimum), TOEFL score untuk di Australia adalah 500 (minimum), sedangkan TOEFL score untuk negara-negara di Amerika adalah disyaratkan 550 (minimum).

PERLUASAN PENGGUNAAN & PERKEMBANGAN TOEFL

Seiring perkembangan zaman, bahkan negara-negara yang bahasa ibunya bukan bahasa Inggris, seperti Jepang, Korea, India, Malaysia, Indonesia, dll mensyaratkan TOEFL Score tertentu bagi calon mahasiswanya, baik yang datang dari dalam negeri, apalagi jika berasal dari luar negeri. Di Indonesia, TOEFL bahkan digunakan juga untuk:

Persyaratan bagi penerimaan karyawan baru di instansi pemerintah, perusahaan pemerintah dan swasta.

Syarat penerimaan mahasiswa baru untuk jenjang S2 dan S3.

Syarat pengajuan beasiswa, baik dari pemerintah maupun swasta.

TOEFL sendiri sudah beberapa kali mengalami penyempurnaan oleh lembaga penyelenggaranya, ETS. Bentuk-bentuk TOEFL Test yang pernah diperkenalkan ke publik yaitu :

1. TOEFL Paper Based Test

Terdiri atas 3 section :

Listening, Structure, and Reading.

Maximum Score : 677.

2. TOEFL Computer Based Test

Terdiri dari 4 Section :

Listening, Structure,Reading, Writing.

Maximum Score : 300.

3. TOEFL Internet Based Test

Terdiri dari 4 section :

Listening, Reading, Writing, Speaking.

Maximum score : 120.

Untuk keperluan pra-seleksi ataupun keperluan intern suatu lembaga, maka ETS sebagai lembaga pengembang dan penyelenggara tes TOEFL juga menyelenggarakan TOEFL ITP (Institutional Testing Programme). Jumlah soal dan tingkat kesulitan TOEFL ITP tidak berbeda dengan Paper Based Test TOEFL maupun Computer Based Test TOEFL, karena memang soal-soal yang digunakan pada TOEFL ITP adalah soal tes TOEFL yang telah pernah digunakan sebelumnya. Perbedaan yang perlu diketahui oleh mereka yang merencanakan mengikuti tes TOEFL adalah bahwa skor yang diperoleh dari TOEFL ITP dalam pengunaannya terbatas.

Perguruan tinggi di Amerika, misalnya, hanya akan menerima skor yang diperoleh dari Paper Based Test TOEFL atau Computer Based Test TOEFL. Selain TOEFL ITP, juga ada TOEFL Prediction yang biasanya digunakan untuk memperkirakan skor TOEFL seseorang “sebelum” yang bersangkutan mengikuti tes TOEFL lainnya (Paper Based Test TOEFL, Computer Based Test TOEFL, TOEFL ITP). Jenis tes TOEFL Prediction ini pada umumnya diselenggarakan oleh lembaga atau pusat bahasa atau tempat-tempat kursus yang menyelenggarakan pelatihan TOEFL.

(http://asharemore.blogspot.com/2013/06/pengertian-dan-kegunaan-test-toefl-test.html)

2.     TEFL

DEFINITION TEFL

            Teaching English as a foreign language (TEFL) refers to teaching English to students whose first language is not English. TEFL usually occurs in the student's own country, either within the state school system, or privately in an after-hours language school or with a tutor. TEFL teachers may be native or non-native speakers of English.

TEACHING TECHNIQUES

·         Reading

            TEFL that uses literature aimed at children and teenagers is rising in popularity. Youth-oriented literature offers simpler material ("simplified readers" are produced by major publishers), and often provides a more conversational style than literature for adults. Children's literature in particular sometimes provides subtle cues to pronunciation, through rhyming and other word play. One method for using these books is the multiple-pass technique. The instructor reads the book, pausing often to explain certain words and concepts. On the second pass, the instructor reads the book completely through without stopping.

·         Communicative language teaching

            Communicative language teaching (CLT) emphasizes interaction as both the means and the ultimate goal of learning a language. Despite a number of criticisms, it continues to be popular, particularly in Japan, Taiwan,  and Europe.

The task-based language learning (TBLL) approach to CLT has gained ground in recent years. Proponents believe CLT is important for developing and improving speaking, writing, listening, and reading skills, and that it prevents students' merely listening passively to the teacher without interaction. Dogme is a similar communicative approach that encourages teaching without published textbooks, instead focusing on conversational communication among the learners and the teacher.

·         Blended learning

            Blended learning is a combination of face-to-face teaching and online interactions (also known as CALL or computer-assisted language learning), achieved through a virtual learning environment (VLE).

VLEs have been a major growth point in the ELT industry over the last five years. There are two types:

·         Externally hosted platforms that a school or institution exports content to (e.g., the proprietary Web Course Tools, or the open source Moodle)

·         Content-supplied, course-managed learning platforms (e.g. the Macmillan English Campus)

The former provides pre-designed structures and tools, while the latter supports course-building by the language school—teachers can blend existing courses with games, activities, listening exercises, and grammar reference units contained online. This supports classroom, self-study or remote practice (for example in an internet café).

·         Online classroom

            Advances in technology made it possible to get a TEFL qualification online. Students can enroll Into online classes that are accredited by organizations such as Accreditat. It should be noted that there is no single overarching accreditation body for TEFL.^[5] Study materials are divided into modules. Students take one or multiple tests per study module. Support is handled by tutors, who can be reached via email. After successfully finishing the last module the student is granted a certificate. It comes in digital form or can be shipped to the student's address. Getting such a certificate can be beneficial in many ways. The student can get a bigger paycheck or teach English in foreign countries.

QUALIFICATIONS FOR TEFL TEACHERS

            Qualification requirements vary considerably from country to country and among employers within the same country. In many institutions it is possible to teach without a degree or teaching certificate. Some institutions will consider it necessary to be a native speaker with an MA TESOL. A university degree in English language and literature can also be of value, as indeed can any specialist degree. Other institutions consider a proof of English proficiency, a University degree and a basic teaching qualification to be more than sufficient. However, the level of academic qualification need not be the most important qualification, as many schools will be more interested in your interpersonal skills. For trainers wishing to enter the academic field, publications can be as important as qualifications, especially if they relate to English use in your field. Where there is a high demand for teachers and no statutory requirements, employers may accept otherwise unqualified candidates. Each country is different, and acceptance depends on demand for English teachers and the teacher's previous teaching and life experiences.

            As a general rule schools will tend to prefer qualifications that involve a significant amount of assessed teaching: it is often said that "Learning to teach without classroom practice is like learning to drive without ever encountering traffic". Shorter courses and online courses often lack assessed teaching practice. Course makers have recognized this and have begun introducing combined TEFL courses which have an element of assessed teaching.

            Some educational facilities are now offering two or three well-defined certificates instead of one general certificate. For example, ILT (Introduction to Language Teaching) - 40 hours, PLT (Practice of Language Training) - 30 hours, and Literacy - 30 hours.

            Private language schools are likely to require at least a certificate based on successful completion of a course consisting of a minimum of 100 hours. Major programs like EPIK will offer a higher salary to teachers who have completed any TEFL Course, online or otherwise, so long as the program meets the minimum 100 hour requirement. Internet-based TEFL courses are generally accepted worldwide, and particularly in Asia, where the largest jobs markets exist in China, Korea, Taiwan and Japan.

            Age/gender requirements might also be encountered. In some countries outside Europe and America, for example the Middle East, schools might hire men over women or vice versa. And they might hire only teachers in a certain age range; usually between 20 and 40 years of age. Anyone under 19 may be able to teach TEFL, but usually only in a volunteer situation, such as a refugee camp.

 

MEANING

 

DEFINISI TEFL

            Mengajar Bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa asing (TEFL) mengacu pada pengajaran bahasa Inggris kepada siswa yang bahasa pertamanya bukan bahasa Inggris. TEFL biasanya terjadi di negara siswa sendiri, baik dalam sistem sekolah negeri, atau pribadi di sekolah setelah jam-bahasa atau dengan tutor. Guru TEFL mungkin penutur asli atau non-asli bahasa Inggris.

TEKNIK MENGAJAR

•Reading
            TEFL yang menggunakan sastra yang ditujukan untuk anak-anak dan remaja meningkat popularitasnya . Literatur berorientasi pemuda menawarkan bahan sederhana ( " pembaca disederhanakan " diproduksi oleh penerbit besar ) , dan sering memberikan gaya yang lebih percakapan dari sastra untuk orang dewasa . Sastra anak-anak pada khususnya kadang-kadang memberikan isyarat halus untuk pengucapan , melalui berima dan kata lain bermain . Salah satu metode untuk menggunakan buku-buku ini adalah teknik multiple -pass . Instruktur membaca buku , berhenti sering untuk menjelaskan kata-kata dan konsep-konsep tertentu . Pada pass kedua , instruktur membaca buku sepenuhnya melalui tanpa henti.

•Pengajaran Bahasa Komunikatif
Komunikatif pengajaran bahasa ( CLT ) menekankan interaksi baik sebagai sarana dan tujuan akhir dari belajar bahasa . Meskipun sejumlah kritik , terus menjadi populer , terutama di Jepang , Taiwan , dan Eropa .
Berbasis tugas belajar bahasa ( TBLL ) pendekatan CLT telah memperoleh tanah dalam beberapa tahun terakhir . Para pendukung percaya CLT penting untuk mengembangkan dan meningkatkan berbicara , menulis, mendengarkan , dan keterampilan membaca , dan bahwa mencegah siswa hanya mendengarkan secara pasif kepada guru tanpa interaksi . Dogme adalah pendekatan komunikatif yang sama yang mendorong mengajar tanpa buku teks yang diterbitkan , tetapi sebaliknya berfokus pada komunikasi percakapan antara peserta didik dan guru

• Belajar Blended
            Blended learning adalah kombinasi pengajaran dan interaksi secara online face-to - face ( juga dikenal sebagai PANGGILAN atau pembelajaran bahasa dengan bantuan komputer ) , dicapai melalui lingkungan belajar virtual ( VLE ) .

VLEs telah menjadi titik pertumbuhan utama dalam industri ELT selama lima tahun terakhir. Ada dua jenis :
• platform eksternal host bahwa sekolah atau lembaga ekspor konten untuk ( misalnya, proprietary Tools Web Course , atau open source Moodle )
• Content - disediakan , platform pembelajaran kursus yang dikelola ( misalnya Kampus Macmillan English )
Mantan menyediakan struktur pra-desain dan alat-alat , sedangkan yang kedua mendukung program pembangunan oleh bahasa sekolah - guru dapat berbaur program yang ada dengan permainan , kegiatan , mendengarkan latihan , dan unit referensi tata bahasa yang terkandung online. Hal ini mendukung kelas , belajar-sendiri atau praktek terpencil ( misalnya di warnet ).

•kelas online
   Kemajuan teknologi memungkinkan untuk mendapatkan kualifikasi TEFL online. Siswa dapat mendaftarkan diri ke dalam kelas online yang diakreditasi oleh organisasi seperti Accreditat . Perlu dicatat bahwa tidak ada badan akreditasi menyeluruh tunggal untuk TEFL . [ 5 ] Bahan pelajaran dibagi menjadi modul . Mahasiswa mengambil satu atau beberapa tes per modul belajar. Dukungan ditangani oleh tutor , yang dapat dihubungi melalui email. Setelah berhasil menyelesaikan modul terakhir siswa diberikan sertifikat . Muncul dalam bentuk digital atau dapat dikirimkan ke alamat siswa . Mendapatkan sertifikat tersebut dapat bermanfaat dalam banyak cara . Siswa bisa mendapatkan gaji yang lebih besar atau mengajar bahasa Inggris di luar negeri .

KUALIFIKASI UNTUK GURU TEFL

            Persyaratan kualifikasi bervariasi dari satu negara ke negara dan kalangan pengusaha di negara yang sama . Dalam banyak lembaga adalah mungkin untuk mengajar tanpa gelar atau sertifikat mengajar . Beberapa lembaga akan menganggap perlu untuk menjadi pembicara asli dengan MA TESOL . Sebuah gelar sarjana dalam bahasa Inggris dan sastra juga bisa menjadi nilai , karena memang bisa salah gelar spesialis . Lembaga lain mempertimbangkan bukti kemampuan bahasa Inggris , gelar Universitas dan kualifikasi mengajar dasar untuk menjadi lebih dari cukup. Namun, tingkat kualifikasi akademik tidak perlu kualifikasi yang paling penting , karena banyak sekolah akan lebih tertarik pada keterampilan interpersonal Anda . Untuk pelatih yang ingin memasuki bidang akademik , publikasi dapat menjadi sama pentingnya dengan kualifikasi , terutama jika mereka berhubungan dengan penggunaan bahasa Inggris di bidang Anda . Dimana ada permintaan yang tinggi untuk guru dan tidak ada persyaratan hukum , pengusaha dapat menerima calon dinyatakan tidak memenuhi syarat . Setiap negara berbeda , dan penerimaan tergantung pada permintaan untuk guru bahasa Inggris dan pengajaran dan kehidupan sebelumnya pengalaman guru .

            Sebagai aturan umum sekolah akan cenderung memilih kualifikasi yang melibatkan sejumlah besar pengajaran dinilai : sering dikatakan bahwa " Belajar mengajar tanpa kelas praktek adalah seperti belajar mengemudi tanpa pernah menghadapi lalu lintas " kursus pendek dan kursus online . sering kekurangan dinilai praktik mengajar . Pembuat Course telah mengetahui dan telah mulai memperkenalkan program TEFL gabungan yang memiliki unsur pengajaran yang dinilai .

            Beberapa fasilitas pendidikan kini menawarkan dua atau tiga sertifikat yang didefinisikan dengan baik bukan satu sertifikat umum . Sebagai contoh, ILT ( Pengantar Pengajaran Bahasa ) - 40 jam , PLT ( Praktek Pelatihan Bahasa ) - 30 jam , dan Melek - 30 jam .
Sekolah bahasa swasta cenderung membutuhkan setidaknya sertifikat berdasarkan berhasil menyelesaikan kursus yang terdiri dari minimal 100 jam . Program besar seperti EPIK akan menawarkan gaji yang lebih tinggi kepada para guru yang telah menyelesaikan setiap TEFL Course , online atau sebaliknya , asalkan program memenuhi persyaratan minimum 100 jam . Kursus TEFL berbasis internet yang berlaku umum di seluruh dunia , dan terutama di Asia , di mana pasar pekerjaan terbesar ada di China , Korea , Taiwan dan Jepang .

            Persyaratan usia / jenis kelamin mungkin juga ditemui . Di beberapa negara di luar Eropa dan Amerika , misalnya Timur Tengah , sekolah bisa menyewa laki-laki atas perempuan atau sebaliknya . Dan mereka mungkin hanya mempekerjakan guru dalam rentang usia tertentu ; biasanya antara 20 dan 40 tahun . Siapapun di bawah 19 mungkin dapat mengajar TEFL , tetapi biasanya hanya dalam situasi relawan , seperti sebuah kamp pengungsi .

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teaching_English_as_a_foreign_language)

3.     TOEIC

TOEIC

Sebenarnya TOEIC itusamaseperti TOEFL dan IELTS, hanyasajakalau TOEIC lebihspesifikfungsinya. TOEIC (Test of English for International Communication) adalah tes keahlian berbahasa inggris untuk orang-orang yang bahasa ibunya bukan bahasa inggris.TOEIC itu sendiri terdiri dari 2 ujianya itu listening dan reading. Range nilainya mulai dari 10 sampai 990. Tes TOEIC dapat mengukur kemampuan berbahasa inggris untuk individu yang dalam kesehariannya bekerja di lingkungan international.Nilai- nilainya menunjukkan seberapa baik seseorang dapat berkomunikasi dalam bahasa inggris dengan individu lainnya dalam komunikasi umum, termasuk di lingkup pendidikan, bisnis, perdagangan, dan industry.Tes ini tidak memerlukan pengetahuan khusus atau istilah yang tidak umum yang digunakan orang dalam aktivitasnya sehari-hari.Tes TOEIC adalah tespilihanganda yang berlangsung selama dua jam yang terdiri dari 200 pertanyaan yang dibagimenjadiduasesi :

1.   Listening section: sesi ini menguji seberapa baik kita dapat memahami pembicaraan dalam bahasa inggris. Sesi ini terdiri dari dari 4 bagian dan berisi 100 pertanyaan yang diputar pada sebuah kaset atau CD. Kita akan diminta untuk menjawab pertanyaan berdasarkan pada bermacam-macam pertanyaan, dialog singkat, dan percakapan singkat yang direkam dalam bahasa inggris. Total waktunya adalah 45 menit.

2.   Reading section: dalam sesi ini akan terdapat 3 bagian yang menguji seberapa baik anda dapat memahami bacaan dalam bahasa inggris. Kita akan membaca berbagai macam materi dan melakukan pengaturan waktu secara pribadi dalammenjawab 100 pertanyaanberdasarkanisidarimateri yang disediakanuntukkita. Total waktu nya adalah 75 menit.

      Kita akan menjawab pertanyaan tes ini dengan cara menghitamkan salah satu huruf (A),(B),(C),(D) dengan pensil pada lembar jawaban yang terpisah. Walaupun waktu yang tersedia diperkirakan selama dua jam, waktu tambahan memang diperlukan untuk menyelesaikan daftar pertanyaan dan biodata peserta dalam lembar jawaban.Karenanya, kita harus meluangkan menyiapkan kira-kira 2,5 jam untuk mengikuti tes ini.

Banyak sekali orang – orang dari berbagai institusi yang mengikuti tes ini mulai dari :

1.   Karyawan atau staf yang menggunakan bahasa inggris dalam berbagai lingkungan kerja seperti kantor–kantor pemerintah, bisnis, hotel, rumah sakit, restoran, pertemuan internasional, konferensi, dan program olahraga.

2.   Staf manajemen, sales, dan karyawan bagian teknik dalam bisnis internasional, perdagangan dan industry yang membutuhkan bahasa inggris dalampekerjaan mereka.

3.   Para calon peserta pelatihan yang akan dilakukan dalam bahasa inggris.

4.   Para individu yang sedang mengikuti program pelatihan bahasa inggris atau pun kepentingan pengajuan beasiswa dan visa  keluar negeri.

5.   Para pelajar atau mahasiswa untuk mengukur kemajuan dalam proses belajar, syarat kelulusan, dan juga kelengkapan dalam memasuki dunia kerja.

       Pertanyaannya adalah kenapa kita harus mengikuti tesTOEIC ?jawabannya adalah tes TOEIC telah menjadi pilihan bagi lebih dari 6 juta peserta tes setiap tahunnya dan diakui oleh 10.000 organisasi di dunia. Sebagai sebuah alat ukur yang akurat dan obyektif dalam mengukur kemampuan berbahasa inggris, tes TOEIC ini akan memungkinkan kita untuk :

1.   Membuktikan tingkat kemampuan kita yang sebenarnya dalam berbahasa inggris.

2.   Memenuhi persyaratan untuk jabatan baru dan atau promosi di dalam perusahaan.

3.   Penegasan/bukti atas tingkat profesionalitas kita.

4.   Memonitor perkembangan kita dalam berbahasa inggris.

5.   Mengatur tujuan belajar.

6.   Melibatkan perusahaan dalam memajukan kemampuan bahasa inggris kita.

Sumber: singgih-mardiyono.blogspot.com